BACKGROUND: Plants are increasingly explored for their potential as antimicrobial agents. Spondias mombin plants have been used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of dental health and general health issues. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of S. mombin aqueous and ethanol stem bark, leaves and charcoal extracts on Streptococcus mutans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty grams of each plant part was soaked in 100ml of ethanol and boiled in distilled water and left to stand for 24h with intermittent shaking until evaporated. The dried filtrates were diluted to obtain concentrations of 500mg/ml, 250mg/ ml, 125mg/ml and 62.5mg/ml in duplicates. The zone of inhibition, minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration tests on S mutans were carried out using a standard procedure. RESULTS: Ethanol and aqueous extracts of S. mombin displayed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The leaves and stem bark extracts demonstrated superior potency compared to charcoal extracts. Ethanol extracts (32.4mm) consistently exhibited stronger inhibitory effects than aqueous extracts (25mm). CONCLUSION: The salient feature of this study justifies the folkloric medicinal use of Spondias mombin plants in the treatment of toothaches and prevention of dental caries.

ABSTRACT The semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil is characterized by scarcity of water for irrigation purposes due to long periods of drought, compromising the development of species such as Spondias tuberosa L. and Spondias mombin L., which, despite being considered drought tolerant, can have their yield negatively affected by low water availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiology, quantum efficiency and water relations of S. tuberosa and S. mombin rootstocks under different irrigation intervals in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. The experimental design was carried out in randomized blocks, in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, referring to 5 irrigation intervals - INT (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after each irrigation event) and two species of the genus Spondias - SPC (S. tuberosa and S. mombin) with four replicates and three plants per plot, totaling 120 plants. Irrigation management with a five-day irrigation interval reduced gas exchange and growth of rootstocks of the Spondias species. The quantum efficiency of photosystem II of Spondias rootstocks (S. tuberosa and S. mombin) was not compromised when the plants were irrigated every two and four days. Irrigation every three days in the early stages of development of Spondias species can be used with the lowest losses in gas exchange and growth of rootstocks.

RESUMO O semiárido nordestino é caracterizado pela escassez hídrica para fins de irrigação em decorrência de longos períodos de estiagem, comprometendo o desenvolvimento de espécies como Spondias tuberosa e a Spondias mombin, que apesar de serem considerados tolerantes a seca, podem ter seu rendimento afetado negativamente pela baixa disponibilidade de água. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a morfofisiologia, a eficiência quântica e as relações hídricas de porta-enxertos de S. tuberosa e S. mombin sob diferentes turnos de rega no semiárido paraibano. O delineamento experimental realizado em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, referentes a 5 turnos de rega - INT (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 dias após cada evento de irrigação) e duas espécies do gênero Spondias - SPC (S. tuberosa e S. mombin) com quatro repetições e três plantas por parcela, totalizando 120 plantas. O manejo da irrigação com turno de rega de cinco dias reduziu as trocas gasosas e o crescimento dos porta-enxertos das espécies de Spondias. A eficiência quântica do fotossistema II de porta-enxertos de Spondias (S. tuberosa e S. mombin) não é comprometida quando as plantas foram irrigadas a cada dois e quatro dias. A irrigação a cada três dias nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento das espécies Spondias pode ser utilizada com as menores perdas nas trocas gasosas e no crescimento dos portaenxertos.

ABSTRACT Survival and insect pests of forest and fruit species in Puerto Almendra, Loreto, Peru were evaluated. Seedlings and cuttings of 15 forest species and 04 fruit species were obtained from natural populations and home gardens; these were installed in plots of 25 x 25 m, 25 individuals per species. Spondias purpurea cuttings had the highest survival (84%), Spondias mombin and Spondias dulcis reached 36% and 24% respectively. Plants from botanical seeds with Very good survival (80‑100%) were Copaifera paupera, Dipteryx odorata, Carapa guianensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Hura crepitans, Chorisia integrifolia, S. mombin, Guazuma ulmifolia, Pleurothyrium parviflorum and Amburana cearensis. With Good survival (60‑79%) are Cedrelinga cateniformis, Cedrela odorata, Genipa americana. In the category Regular (40‑59%) are Caryodendron orinocense y Calycophyllum spruceanum. In the category Bad (< 40%) are Calophyllum brasiliense and Aniba rosaeodora. Insect damage on plants was thoroughly checked, 04 pests were recorded: Hypsipyla grandella on S. macrophylla, C. odorata and G. ulmifolia with incidences between 100 and 84%; Parasaissetia nigra had incidence (88%) on G. ulmifolia; Apioscelis bulbosa was found on G. ulmifolia, C. integrifolia, S. purpurea and S. dulcis with incidences of 80, 56, 8 and 4%, respectively and Aphis gossypii was recorded on S. purpurea with 20% incidence. This research provides information oriented to the propagation, management and conservation of forest and fruit species in the Peruvian Amazon.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la supervivencia e insectos plaga de especies forestales y frutales en Puerto Almendra, Loreto, Perú. Se obtuvieron plántulas y estacas de 15 especies forestales y de 04 especies frutales, a partir de poblaciones naturales y huertos familiares; estas fueron instaladas en parcelas de 25 x 25 m, 25 individuos por especie. Las estacas de Spondias purpurea tuvieron mayor supervivencia (84%), Spondias mombin y Spondias dulcis alcanzaron 36% y 24% respectivamente. Las plantas provenientes de semillas botánicas con muy buena supervivencia (80‑100%) fueron Copaifera paupera, Dipteryx odorata, Carapa guianensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Hura crepitans, Chorisia integrifolia, Spondias mombin, Guazuma ulmifolia, Pleurothyrium parviflorum, Amburana cearensis. Con buena supervivencia (60‑79%) se encuentran Cedrelinga cateniformis, Cedrela odorata y Genipa americana. En la categorı́a regular (40‑59%) están Caryodendron orinocense y Calycophyllum spruceanum. En la categoría malo (<40%) Calophyllum brasiliense y Aniba rosaeodora. Se revisaron minuciosamente los daños de los insectos en las plantas, 04 plagas fueron registradas: Hypsipyla grandella en S. macrophylla, C. odorata y G. ulmifolia con incidencia de entre 100% y 84%; Parasaissetia nigra tuvo una incidencia de 88% en G. ulmifolia; Apioscelis bulbosa fue encontrada en G. ulmifolia, C. integrifolia, S. purpurea y S. dulcis con incidencias del 80, 56, 8 y 4% respectivamente y Aphis gossypii fue registrada en S. purpurea con 20% de incidencia. Esta investigación proporciona información orientada a la propagación, manejo y conservación de especies forestales y frutales de la Amazonia peruana.

RESUMO Introdução: A espécie Spondias mombin L. é uma planta que cresce em Cuba e à qual são relatados um número considerável de aplicações etnofarmacológicas e alto poder antioxidante. No entanto, a maioria desses relatos é voltada para o fruto, que se destaca pelo seu valor nutricional. Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antioxidante de um extrato de folhas de Spondias mombin L. em etanol 70%. Método: A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada por seis diferentes métodos: determinação do índice de oxidação, poder redutor, inibição dos radicais DPPH e ABTS, capacidade redutora do peróxido de hidrogênio e capacidade de neutralização do radical oxigênio. Foram avaliadas concentrações de 1000 a 62,5 µg/mL, preparadas a partir do valor de sólidos totais determinado. Resultados: Para o índice de oxidação, concentrações de 250 µg/mL foram suficientes para descolorir a solução de permanganato no mesmo período de tempo do padrão de quercetina. No entanto, o IC50 calculado para o poder redutor, a inibição do radical DPPH e ABTS foram superiores ao padrão de ácido ascórbico com valores de 362,33; 190,34 e 241,88 µg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusões: O extrato de folhas de Spondias mombin L. em etanol 70% apresenta alta ação antioxidante nos seis modelos experimentais testados, embora na maioria dos casos com valores inferiores à substância de referência utilizada. Esses resultados, juntamente com a diversidade estrutural de metabólitos presentes nele, destacam seu valor como potencial antioxidante natural.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The species Spondias mombin L. is a plant that grows in Cuba, and to which a considerable number of ethnopharmacological applications and high antioxidant power are reported. However, most of these reports are oriented to the fruit, which stands out for its nutritional value. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of an extract of Spondias mombin L. leaves in 70% ethanol. Method: The antioxidant activity was evaluated by six different methods: determination of the oxidation index, reducing power, inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radicals, hydrogen peroxide reducing capacity and oxygen radical neutralization capacity. Concentrations from 1000 to 62.5 µg/mL were evaluated, prepared from the value of total solids determined. Results: For the oxidation index, concentrations of 250 µg/mL were sufficient to decolorize the permanganate solution in the same period of time as the quercetin standard. However, the IC50 calculated for the reducing power, the inhibition of the DPPH radical and ABTS were higher than the ascorbic acid standard with values of 362.33; 190.34 and 241.88 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The extract of leaves of Spondias mombin L. in 70% ethanol presents a high antioxidant action in the six experimental models tested, even though in most cases, with lower values than the reference substance used. These results, together with the structural diversity of metabolites present in it, highlight its value as a potential natural antioxidant.

RESUMEN Introducción: La especie Spondias mombin L. es una planta que crece en Cuba y a la que se le reporta un número considerables de aplicaciones etnofarmacológicas y elevado poder antioxidante. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de estos reportes está orientada al fruto, el cual resalta por su valor nutricional. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antioxidante de un extracto de hojas de Spondias mombin L. en etanol al 70 %. Método: La actividad antioxidante fue evaluada por seis métodos diferentes: determinación del índice de oxidación, poder reductor, inhibición de los radicales DPPH y ABTS, capacidad reductora del peróxido de hidrógeno y capacidad de neutralización del radical oxígeno. Se evaluaron concentraciones desde los 1 000 hasta los 62,5 µg/mL preparadas a partir del valor de sólidos totales determinados. Resultados: Para el índice de oxidación, concentraciones de 250 µg/mL resultaron suficientes para decolorar la solución de permanganato en igual período de tiempo que el patrón de quercetina. Sin embargo, los IC50 calculados para el poder reductor, la inhibición del radical DPPH y del ABTS resultaron mayores que el estándar de ácido ascórbico con valores de 362,33; 190,34 y 241,88 µg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El extracto de hojas de Spondias mombin L. en etanol al 70 % presenta una elevada acción antioxidante en los seis modelos experimentales ensayados, aun cuando en la mayor parte de casos, con valores inferiores al de la sustancia de referencia empleada. Estos resultados conjuntamente con la diversidad estructural de metabolitos presentes en el mismo resaltan su valor como potencial antioxidante natural.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Diversos estudios han destacado el importante papel de los monos aulladores (Alouatta palliata mexicana) en la dispersión de semillas y, con ello, en la regeneración de las poblaciones de plantas con frutos carnosos de los bosques tropicales. Sin embargo, poca es la evidencia empírica sobre cuáles podrían ser los mecanismos que les permitiría a los monos aulladores favorecer la germinación de las semillas de muchas especies de plantas, incluyendo la escarificación de su cubierta externa. En este trabajo se evaluó si los endocarpos de Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae), una especie importante en la dieta de los monos aulladores, podrían ser escarificados al pasar por el tracto digestivo de estos primates. Métodos: Se colectaron endocarpos de las heces de monos aulladores, así como frutos maduros del suelo, en la región de Los Tuxtlas, municipio Catemaco, Veracruz, México. Mediante cortes transversales de los endocarpos y su análisis en el microscopio electrónico de barrido, se tomaron medidas del grosor de la cubierta externa y probaron las diferencias entre ambos tipos de muestras (i.e., endocarpos de frutos y endocarpos que pasaron por el tracto digestivo). Resultados clave: Se observó que el grosor de la cubierta de los endocarpos en frutos fue mayor ( X ~=47.05±9.69 µm) que el de endocarpos en heces ( X ~=1.51±3.60 µm) (W=0.48, p<0.001). Conclusiones: Los resultados evidencian que la ingesta de endocarpos de S. mombin por A. p. mexicana puede tener un efecto de escarificación de los tejidos que conforman su cubierta externa. Esto apoya la versión sobre la función de los frugívoros, como los monos aulladores, reduciendo la cubierta externa de las semillas y aumentando así su capacidad para germinar; siendo, por lo tanto, organismos clave en la dinámica de regeneración de bosques tropicales.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Several studies have emphasized the important role of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana) in seed dispersal and, as a result, in the regeneration of fleshy-fruited plant populations in tropical forests. However, there is little empirical evidence regarding the possible mechanisms that would allow howler monkeys to promote seed germination of many plant species, including seed coat scarification. In this study, we evaluated whether endocarps of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae), an important species in howler monkey diet, could be scarified by passage through the digestive tract of these primates. Methods: We collected endocarps from howler monkey feces as well as ripe fruits fallen on the ground, in the region of Los Tuxtlas, Catemaco municipality, Veracruz, Mexico. By analyzing endocarp transverse sections using a scanning electron microscope, we measured the thickness of the outer layer and tested differences between both types of samples (i.e., fruit endocarps and endocarps that had passed through the digestive tract). Key results: We observed that the outer layer thickness of endocarps in fruits was greater ( X ~=47.05±9.69 µm) than that of endocarps found in feces ( X ~=1.51±3.60 µm) (W=0.48, p<0.001). Conclusions: Our results highlight that consumption of S. mombin endocarps by A. p. mexicana may have a scarification effect on the tissues that constitute the outer layer. This supports the hypothesis of the role of frugivores, such as howler monkeys, in reducing the seed coat and thus increasing germination ability; therefore, being key organisms in regeneration dynamics of tropical forests.

Abstract Yellow mombin juice was microencapsulated by spray drying. Optimum operating conditions were selected from the outcomes of tests carried out according to a central composite rotatable design, using air inlet temperature (90 to 190 °C), feed flow rate (0.20 to 1.00 L/h) and 15 DE maltodextrin concentration (10 to 30%) as the independent variables, while powder moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, total carotenoids retention, and process yield as the responses. As expected, water activity, moisture content and yield of samples were significantly reduced by spray drying. The powder prepared under optimum conditions, whose reconstituted nectar was the most appreciated by panelists in sensory analysis, was partially characterized in terms of physicochemical properties. It exhibited an apparent density of 0.59 g/mL and a solubility of 81.49%. Particles generally occurred in clusters and exhibited spherical shape and smooth surface. The antioxidant activity was shown to be weak to intermediate.

ABSTRACT Knowledge about the spatial distribution of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and tritrophic interactions (fruit-fruit fly parasitoid) contributes to the monitoring and maintenance of the numerical density at a level lower than economic damage. The purpose of this study was to identify the spatial distribution and associations of fruit flies with their parasitoids and host plants in the municipality of Bom Jesus-PI. The flies were obtained from fruit collection from July 2018 to May 2019. A total of 1,711 individuals were obtained, represented by six species: Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835), An. fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), An. alveata Stone, 1942, An. sororcula Zucchi, 1979, An. zenildae Zucchi, 1979 and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824). Anastrepha obliqua was the species with the widest distribution throughout the ecotone area. Ceratitis capitata is distributed only in the urban perimeter. A tritrophic relationship occurred between four species of parasitoids, Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958) or Opius sp. associated with An. obliqua in Spondias mombin or S. tuberosa fruits. Opius sp. has also been associated with An. alveata in Ximenia americana. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae was obtained from C. capitata in Malpighia emarginata, in addition to An. obliqua in Averrhoa carambola. Therefore, fruit flies are associated with native fruit trees (S. tuberosa, S. mombin, S. purpurea, P. acutangulum, Inga laurina, X. americana) and exotic fruits (M. emarginata, A. carambola, P. guajava). Ceratitis capitata was recorded for the first time in the state of Piauí infesting I. laurina (Sw.) Willd. This is the first record of the parasitoid genus Spalangia. in An. obliqua in Piauí and in the semiarid region of Brazil.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work was to determine some quality parameters and to evaluate the stability of hydroethanolic to 70% extract of leaves of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae), stored at room temperature for one year. This specie is used traditionally for the treatment of diverse diseases because to its activity as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The leaves were collected in different stages of the cycle of life and it was used the maceration method. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as gallic acid and derivates and quercetin 3-O- glucosides. The parameters: organoleptic characteristics, pH, relative density, total solids, fixed solids, volatile solids, total phenolic and total flavonoids content were determined; the confidence intervals were established. The obtained data from the extract to the study of stability, related with these parameters, allow to assure stable behaviour during one year, from a physical-chemical standpoint.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estabilidad a temperatura ambiente, por un periodo de un año, del extracto en etanol al 70 % de las hojas de la especie Spondias mombin L. Esta planta se usa para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades, debido principalmente a su actividad antibacteriana, antiinflamatoria y antioxidante. El material vegetal fue recolectado en diferentes etapas del ciclo de vida y se utilizó la maceración como método de extracción. El análisis químico por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución mostró la presencia mayoritaria de ácido gálico y derivados y de la quercetina 3-O-glicosilada. Fueron determinados los siguientes parámetros: características organolépticas, pH, densidad relativa, sólidos totales, sólidos fijos, sólidos volátiles, contenido total de fenoles y contenido total de flavonoides; se establecieron además los intervalos de confianza. Los datos obtenidos del extracto sometido al estudio de estabilidad, relacionados con estos parámetros, permiten asegurar comportamiento estable durante un año, desde un punto de vista físico-químico.

Resumen Introducción: El fruto amarillo del jobo o yuplón (Spondias mombin L.) destaca por sus cualidades sensoriales y funcionales. Sin embargo, existe poco conocimiento sobre la diversidad genética de esta especie, lo que ayudaría a la implantación del cultivo del fruto como cultivo, ya que la producción actual se basa en el extractivismo. Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad y estructura genética de poblaciones naturales de S. mombin en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, a través de marcadores moleculares microsatélites para ayudar en la implementación de estrategias de conservación y recolección de recursos genéticos. Métodos: Se muestrearon un total de 139 individuos de S. mombin en diez poblaciones naturales. Las amplificaciones por PCR se realizaron con siete cebadores de microsatélites marcados con fluorescencia. La diversidad genética se evaluó por el número de alelos, heterocigosidad esperada (He) y observada (Ho), contenido de información polimórfica (PIC), índice de fijación (ƒ), alelos raros y exclusivos. La estructura genética se evaluó mediante AMOVA, dendrograma UPGMA y análisis estadístico bayesiano. Resultados: Se amplificaron 46 alelos, los cuales tenían un promedio de 6.6 alelos por locus. Fue más alto que Ho y f positivo, lo que indica la presencia de endogamia. El PIC osciló entre 0.048 y 0.700, y solo dos loci fueron poco informativos. Encontramos 27 alelos raros y 16 alelos únicos. El mayor componente de variación fue intrapoblacional (90.64 %). El flujo de genes estimado fue de 1.99, lo que indica que no hay aislamiento genético entre poblaciones y justifica el valor de FST (0.0963). Las diez poblaciones se agruparon en dos grupos y dos poblaciones constituyeron un grupo aislado. La prueba de Mantel demostró que la estructura genética no está relacionada con la distancia geográfica entre poblaciones. Conclusión: Existe diversidad genética en las poblaciones de S. mombin, la cual debe ser conservada in situ o ex situ, por la diversidad que presentan y porque son fuentes promisorias para la recolección de germoplasma.

Abstract Introduction: The fruit of the yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) is notable due to its sensory and functional qualities. However, there is little knowledge regarding the genetic diversity of this species, and this would aid the implantation of the cultivation of the fruit as a crop, since current production is based on extractivism. Objective: Evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of natural populations of S. mombin in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, through microsatellite molecular markers in order to assist in the implementation of conservation strategies and the collection of genetic resources. Methods: A total of 139 S. mombin individuals were sampled in ten natural populations. PCR amplifications were performed with seven fluorescence-marked microsatellite primers. Genetic diversity was evaluated by the number of alleles, expected (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho), polymorphic information content (PIC), fixation index (ƒ), rare and exclusive alleles. The genetic structure was evaluated using AMOVA, UPGMA dendrogram and Bayesian statistical analysis. Results: 46 alleles were amplified, which had an average of 6.6 alleles per locus. He was higher than Ho and f was positive, indicating the presence of inbreeding. The PIC ranged from 0.048 to 0.700, and only two loci were poorly informative. We found 27 rare alleles and 16 unique alleles. The largest component of variation was intrapopulational (90.64 %). The estimated gene flow was 1.99, which indicates that there is no genetic isolation between populations, and justifies the FST value (0.0963). The ten populations were grouped into two groups, and two populations constituted an isolated group. The Mantel test demonstrated that the genetic structure is not related to the geographic distance between populations. Conclusion: There is genetic diversity in the populations of S. mombin, which must be conserved in situ or ex situ, due to the diversity they present and because they are promising sources for collection of germplasm.

Resumo Há uma ausência de estudos sobre espécies de madeiras tropicais que mostram a optimização em quantidade e dimensões da fotografia em estudos anatómicos de madeira, um aspecto que restringe a representatividade estatística em estudos anatómicos em espécies tropicais. O estudo apresentado como objectivo para determinar as dimensões e quantidade mínima de fotografias macroscópicas que podem ser representadas em espécies tropicais e para analisar a relação entre dimensões fotográficas e características anatómicas. Dez espécies de árvores foram selecionadas para este fim; oito a quinze amostras cilíndricas de madeira de 12,5 mm de diâmetro e 75 mm de comprimento foram recolhidas de cada espécie, que foram secas e fotografadas no lado transversal. Os resultados mostraram uma variação de 19 a 35 fotografias como quantidade mínima por espécie, sendo Spondias mombin a espécie com maior exigência de fotografias com 35, enquanto Caryocar costarricense a espécie com menor quantidade de fotografias mínimas; além disso, a dimensão óptima comum das fotografias foi de 1,25 x 1,25 mm, sendo Peltogyne purpúrea a espécie que poderia ser trabalhada com dimensões ainda mais baixas. A combinação do número mínimo de fotografias e a dimensão óptima permitiu ter representatividades e produtividades superiores a 90 %. Finalmente, foi encontrada uma correlação entre o tamanho da imagem e o diâmetro dos vasos; a razão foi que, como o diâmetro dos vasos é menor, é possível trabalhar com fotografias menores com uma razão superior a 70 %.

Abstract There is an absence of studies on tropical timber species that show the optimization in quantity and dimensions of wood photography in anatomical studies, an aspect that restricts the statistical representativeness in anatomical studies in tropical species. The study presented as an objective to determine the dimensions and minimum quantity of macroscopic photographs that can be represented in tropical species and to analyze the relationship between photographic dimensions and anatomical characteristics. Ten tree species were selected for this purpose; eight to fifteen cylindrical wood specimen of 12.5 mm diameter and 75 mm length were collected from each species, which were dried and photographed on the transverse side. The results showed a variation from 19 to 35 photographs as minimum quantity per species, being Spondias mombin the species with the highest requirement of photographs with 35, while Caryocar costarricense the one with the lowest amount of minimum photographs; furthermore, the optimal common dimension of photographs was 1.25 x 1.25 mm, being Peltogyne purpurea the species that could be worked with even lower dimensions. The combination of the minimum number of photographs and the optimal dimension allowed to be representative and reproducible in more than 90 %. Finally, a correlation was found between the size of the image and the diameter of the vessels; the ratio was that as the diameter of the vessels is smaller, it is possible to work with smaller photographs with a ratio greater than 70 %.

Resumen Existe una ausencia de estudios en especies maderables tropicales que muestren la optimización en cantidad y dimensiones de fotografía de madera en estudios anatómicos, aspecto que restringe la representatividad estadística en estudios anatómicos en especies tropicales. El estudio presentó como objetivo determinar la dimensiones y cantidad mínima de fotografías macroscópicas representables en especies tropicales y analizar la relación entre dimensiones fotográficas y características anatómicas. Para ello se seleccionaron diez especies arbóreas; de cada especie se colectaron de ocho a quince muestras cilíndricas de madera de 12,5 mm de diámetro y longitud de 75 mm, las cuales se secaron y fotografiaron en la cara trasversal. Los resultados mostraron una variación de 19 a 35 fotografías como cantidad mínima por especie, siendo Spondias mombin la especie con mayor requerimiento de fotografías con 35, mientras Caryocar costarricense la de menor cantidad de fotografías mínimas; además, la dimensión óptima común de fotografías fue de 1,25 x 1,25 mm, siendo Peltogyne purpurea la especie que se pudo trabajar con dimensiones todavía más bajas. La combinación de la cantidad de fotografías mínimas y la dimensión óptima permitió tener representatividades y reproducibilidades superiores al 90 %. Finalmente, se halló una correlación entre la dimensión de la imagen y el diámetro de vasos; la relación consistía en que conforme el diámetro de vasos es menor, es posible trabajar con fotografías de menor dimensión con una relación superior al 70 %.

Agroindustrial residues, such as leaves of fruit plants, can be sources of bioactive molecules, thus adding value to co-products that are rarely explored in agroindustry. In this context, this study aimed to look into the phytochemical profiles in detail and to explore the antitumor potential of S. tuberosa and S. mombin leaves. We observed that, S. tuberosa leaf extract was cytotoxic in both tumor and healthy cells. S. mombin extracts selectively inhibited cell proliferation in the tumor cell line for prostate cancer (PC3) and did not significantly affect healthy cells. The metabolic profiles of the extracts were evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and twenty-three metabolites were identified. The correlation of metabolic profiles with cytotoxic tests indicated possible chemical markers that may be responsible for the inhibition of cell proliferation. This study revealed that the unexplored co-products in agroindustry may have great therapeutic potential, and therefore should be screened for biologically active compounds.

Resumo As sementes de cajazeira (Spondias mombin L.) apresentam complexo mecanismo de dormência, que condiciona germinação lenta e desuniforme. Presentemente, não existem métodos eficientes para promover a geminação das sementes. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do armazenamento sobre a superação da dormência de sementes dessa Anacardiaceae. Foram utilizados diásporos de duas cajazeiras, identificadas como Planta matriz 1 e Plant matriz 2, estabelecidas no município de Tomé-Açu-PA. Inicialmente, foi investigado se as estruturas que envolvem as sementes (mesocarpo interno e endocarpo) impedem a absorção de água. Para tanto, diásporos das duas plantas foram semeados entre papel mata-borrão, com nível adequado de água e, periodicamente, no total de 144 horas computou-se o teor de água das sementes. Os estudos de armazenamento envolveram dois experimentos. No primeiro, diásporos de ambas as matrizes, com teor de água em torno de 5,0%, foram armazenados em embalagens impermeáveis, durante um ano, nas seguintes condições: ambiente natural de Belém-PA (temperatura média de 26,8°C) e nas temperaturas de 6±1°C e 18±2°C negativos. A resposta germinativa dos diásporos armazenados foi comparada com as de diásporos não armazenados. Antecedendo ao armazenamento, efetuou-se seleção nos diásporos descartando-se os de tamanho diminuto. No segundo experimento, considerou-se a resposta germinativa dos diásporos das duas plantas matrizes, armazenados nas condições de ambiente natural de Belém-PA, durante seis meses, e avaliados mensalmente. Observou-se que as estruturas que recobrem as sementes não oferecem restrições à absorção de água, descartando, portanto, a hipótese de dormência física, sem, no entanto, excluir a possibilidade de dormência mecânica. O armazenamento dos diásporos, durante um ano, independentemente da condição de armazenamento, não afetou o poder germinativo das sementes. Por outro lado, respostas de grande magnitude, em termos de redução do tempo requerido para germinação, foram obtidas quando os diásporos foram armazenados nas condições de ambiente natural e a 18±2°C negativos, indicando que a dormência é naturalmente superada pelo armazenamento. A superação da dormência foi mais lenta quando os diásporos foram armazenados a 6±1°C. Constatou-se que o armazenamento dos diásporos nas condições de ambiente natural de Belém, durante três meses, proporciona a superação da dormência da maior parte das sementes. A intensidade da dormência variou dentro e entre plantas matrizes.

Abstract Hog plum tree seeds (Spondias mombin L.) have a complex dormancy mechanism, which causes slow germination and great unevenness. At present, there are no efficient methods to promote seed germination. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of storage on overcoming seed dormancy of this Anacardiaceae. Diaspores of two hog plum trees were used, identified as Mother plant 1 and Mother plant 2, established in Tomé-Açu city, PA. Initially, it was investigated whether the structures surrounding the seeds (internal mesocarp and endocarp) prevent water absorption. For this, the diaspores of the two mother plants were sown between blotting paper, with an adequate level of water and, periodically, in the total of 144 hours, the water content of the seeds was computed. The storage studies involved two experiments. In the first, diaspores from both mother plants with a water content of around 5.0% were stored in impermeable packages, for one year, under the following conditions: natural environment of Belém, PA (average temperature of 26.8 °C) and at temperatures of 6 ± 1 ° C and minus 18 ± 2 °. The germinative response of the stored diaspores was compared with those of non-stored diaspores. Prior to storage, selection was made on the diaspores, discarding the small ones. In the second experiment, the germinative response of the diaspores of the two mother plants, stored for zero, one, two, three, four, five and six months, under natural environment conditions of Belém, PA, was evaluated. It was observed that the structures that cover the seeds do not offer restrictions to the water absorption, thus discarding the hypothesis of physical dormancy, without, however, excluding the possibility of mechanical dormancy. The storage of diaspores for one year, regardless of the storage condition, did not affect the germination power of the seeds. On the other hand, responses of great magnitude, in terms of reducing the time required for germination, were obtained when the diaspores were stored under natural conditions and at minus 18±2 °C, indicating that dormancy is naturally overcome by storage . Overcoming dormancy was a little slower when the diaspores were stored at a temperature of 6±1 °C. It was found that the storage of diaspores in an environment with an average temperature of 26.8 °C for three months provides the overcoming dormancy of most of the seeds. The intensity of dormancy varied within and between mother plants.

Resumen La diversidad de las especies vegetales en los ecosistemas es fundamental para la preservación de las especies de polinizadores y, especialmente, de las abejas, porque dependen directamente del suministro de polen y néctar. El espectro polínico de propóleos es un indicador de la vegetación en zonas biogeográficas determinadas y evidencia, de alguna manera, la relación entre plantas e insectos en la búsqueda de recursos para el sustento de las colonias de abejas. Se evaluaron cinco muestras de propóleo rojo recolectadas en la zona insular de San Andrés, Colombia, para determinar la frecuencia y los tipos polínicos presentes. Las muestras se sometieron a operaciones de separación y concentración y, posteriormente se trató el sedimento mediante acetólisis. Se pudieron reconocer 46 tipos polínicos en 29 familias botánicas, con predominio de Cyperus haematodes, Avicennia germinans, Conocarpus erectus, Dalbergia brownei, Laguncularia racemosa, Rhizophora mangle, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Cocos nucifera y Spondias mombin, y otros tipos menos importantes como Morinda citrifolia, según sus frecuencias polínicas. Las familias con mayor número de tipos polínicos fueron Acanthaceae, Aizoaceae, Arecaceae, Combretaceae y Rhizophoraceae. Estos resultados constituyen uno de los primeros trabajos de análisis polínico en propóleos colombianos.

Abstract The diversity of plant species present in ecosystems is critical to the preservation of pollinator species and especially bees because they depend directly on the supply of pollen and nectar. The pollen spectra of propolis is an indicator of the vegetation existing in certain biogeographic area and it evidences in some way the relation plant-insect in the search for livelihood resources for the bee colonies. We evaluated five red propolis samples collected in San Andres Island (Colombia) to determine the frequency and pollen types present. The samples underwent separation and concentration, as well as sediment analysis by acetolysis. The work allowed the recognition of 46 pollen types from 29 botanical families, predominantly Cyperus haematodes, Avicennia germinans, Conocarpus erectus, Dalbergia brownei, Laguncularia racemosa, Rhizophora mangle, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Cocos nucifera, and Spondias mombin and other less important types, such as Morinda citrifolia, revealed through their pollen frequencies. The families with the highest number of pollen types present corresponded to Acanthaceae, Aizoaceae, Arecaceae, Combretaceae, and Rhizophoraceae. These results represent one of the first pollen analysis in Colombian propolis.

ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae is a quarantine pest found in Brazil, restricted to the states of Amapá, Pará and Roraima. This fruit fly can potentially cause extensive socioeconomic and environmental damage in the country, if it disperse into areas where fruit is grown for exporting. The objective of this work was to study the biology of B. carambolae on fruits of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) and Eugenia stipitata McVaugh (Myrtaceae). The following parameters were investigated: duration of egg-larva, pupal, egg-adult, pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods, pupal weight and viability, sex ratio, fecundity, fertility and longevity. All parameters except pupal weight, oviposition and post-oviposition period, egg fertility and sex ratio were influenced by the host plant on which the larvae were reared. The carambola fruit fly completes its development on all those hosts studied here, with the highest fecundities on A. carambola and P. guajava.

Resumen En las décadas de los 60’s y 70’s, se generó una pérdida de cobertura forestal que afectó a la provincia de Guanacaste, ocasionando una degradación del bosque de costa, ecosistema único debido a la capacidad de adaptación de las especies a las condiciones abióticas. Esto impactó negativamente a las tortugas marinas, que han sufrido un desbalance entre la cantidad de machos y hembras, debido al aumento de la temperatura de la arena, a causa de la pérdida de cobertura boscosa. Esto motivó al Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Ostional (RNVSO) a crear un corredor biológico costero, para el cual requieren conocer la estructura y composición de este bosque, con el fin de proponer las especies a utilizar en la restauración de estos sitios. En el presente estudio, se instalaron cuatro parcelas permanentes de muestreo (PPM) de 2 400 m2, donde se evaluaron variables de diámetro, nombre científico y condiciones de estructura vertical. Se encontraron 353 individuos/ ha, pertenecientes a 36 especies y 17 familias botánicas; así como un área basal 27,24 m2/ha. Las familias más representativas fueron Malvaceae (27,58 % IVI), Rubiaceae (18,38 % IVI) y Anacardiaceae (12,52 % IVI); mientras que las especies más dominantes y abundantes fueron Pachira quinata (45,63%), Callycophyllum candidissimum (15,11 %) y Spondias mombin (12,28 %). Al comparar con otros estudios, se encuentran similitudes en diversidad y composición con otros bosques costeros de la misma provincia, existiendo diferencia en la estructura con respecto a bosques no protegidos. Estos ecosistemas se asemejan en composición y estructura a los bosques secos, a pesar de encontrarse en una zona de vida de transición a bosque húmedo, lo que puede asociarse a las condiciones abióticas únicas que enfrentan y a su nivel de fragmentación.

Abstract During the decades of the 60’s and 70’s there was a period of forest cover loss that affected Guanacaste province, causing a degradation of the coastal forest, which is an unique ecosystem due to the species ability to adapt to abiotic conditions. The above, negatively impacted sea turtles, which have suffered an imbalance between the number of males and females, due to the increase of sand temperature associated to the loss of forest cover. This situation motivated the Ostional National Wildlife Refuge (RNVSO) to create a coastal biological corridor, for which they need to know the structure and composition of this forest in order to propose species to be used in the restoration of this degraded sites. In this study, four permanent sampling plots (PSP of 2 400 m2 were installed, where the variables diameter, scientific name, and vertical structure conditions were evaluated. A total of 353 individuals/ha were found, belonging to 36 species and 17 botanical families, with a basal area of 27,24 m2/ha. The most representative families were Malvaceae (27,58% IVI), Rubiaceae (18,38% IVI) and Anacardiaceae (12,52% IVI); while the most dominant and abundant species were Pachira quinata (45,63%), Callycophyllum candidissimum (15,11%) and Spondias mombin (12,28%). When compared with other studies, similarities in diversity and composition were found with other coastal forests of the same province, being a difference in the structure with respect to non-protected forests. The coastal forests of the RNVSMO are similar in composition and structure to the dry forests, despite being in a transition zone to the humid forest, which may be associated with the unique abiotic conditions that the species face and their level of fragmentation.